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The Spanish coup of July 1936 fractured the Spanish Republican Armed Forces and marked the beginning of the Spanish Civil War. Following a period of troubles in the Second Spanish Republic, a group of officers attempted to overthrow the left-wing Popular Front government, elected five months previously, in a military coup. Planning started in early 1936, and the coup was launched on 17 and 18 July. The coup failed to take complete control of the country and civil war ensued. The rising was intended to be swift, but the government retained control of most of the country including Málaga, Jaén and Almería. Cadiz was taken for the rebels and General Queipo de Llano managed to secure Seville. In Madrid, the rebels were hemmed into the Montaña barracks, which fell with much bloodshed. Prime Minister José Giral ordered the distribution of weapons among the population, helping to defeat the rebels in Madrid, Barcelona, and Valencia, which led to anarchists taking control of large parts of Aragon and Catalonia. Rebel General Goded surrendered in Barcelona and was later condemned to death. The rebels had secured the support of around half of Spain's Peninsular army, some 60,000 men, and all of the 35,000-strong Army of Africa. The Army of Africa was Spain's most professional and effective military force. The government retained less than half the supply of rifles, heavy and light machine guns and artillery pieces. Both sides had few tanks and outdated aircraft, and naval capacity was fairly even. Officers' defections weakened Republican units of all types. ==Background== (詳細はAlfonsist monarchists continued to prepare,〔Thomas (1961). p. 75.〕 receiving the backing of Italian Prime Minister Benito Mussolini. José-María Gil-Robles struggled to control the CEDA's youth wing, which copied Germany's and Italy's youth movements. Monarchists, however, turned their attention to the Fascist Falange Española, under the leadership of José Antonio Primo de Rivera.〔Preston (2006). pp. 69–70.〕 Open violence occurred in the streets of Spanish cities.〔Preston (2006). p. 70.〕 Gil-Robles' CEDA continued to mimic the German Nazi Party, staging a rally in March 1934.〔Thomas (1961). p. 67.〕〔Preston (2006). p. 72.〕 Gil Robles used an anti-strike law to successfully provoke and break up unions one at a time.〔Preston (2006). pp. 73–74.〕 Efforts to remove local councils from socialist control prompted a general strike, which was brutally put down, with the arrest of four deputies and other significant breaches of articles 55 and 56 of the constitution.〔Preston (2006). p. 75.〕 On 26 September, the CEDA announced it would no longer support the Radical Republican Party's minority government; it was replaced by an RRP cabinet that included three members of the CEDA.〔Thomas (1961). p. 78.〕 A UGT general strike was unsuccessful in most of Spain.〔Preston (2006). p. 77.〕 General Francisco Franco was put in informal command of the military effort against the Asturian miners' revolt of 1934, the only place it had succeeded.〔Preston (2006). pp. 78–79.〕 Around 30,000 workers had been called to arms in ten days.〔Thomas (1961). p. 80.〕 Franco's men, some brought in from Spain's Army of Africa,〔Thomas (1961). p. 81.〕 acted horrifically, killing men, women and children, and carrying out summary executions when the main cities of Asturias had been retaken.〔Preston (2006). p. 79.〕 About 1,000 workers were killed, and about 250 government soldiers.〔Thomas (1961). p. 84.〕 This marked the effective end of the republic.〔Preston (2006). pp. 79–80.〕 Months of retaliation and repression by both sides followed; torture was used on political prisoners. Bombings, shootings, political and religious killings were usual on the streets. Political parties created their own armed militias.〔Thomas (1961). pp. 84–85.〕〔Thomas (1961). p. 85.〕 Gil-Robles once again prompted a cabinet collapse, and five members of Lerroux's new government were conceded to CEDA. The military was purged of Republicanist members and reformed; those loyal to Gil-Robles were promoted – Franco was made Chief of Staff.〔Preston (2006). p. 81.〕 Elections in 1936 were won by a grouping of left-wing parties〔Thomas (2006). p. 145.〕 united as the Popular Front.〔Preston (2006). pp. 82–83.〕 The right began to conspire as to how to best overthrow the republic, rather than taking control of it.〔Preston (2006). p. 83.〕 The government was weak, and Azaña led a minority government.〔Preston (2006). p. 84.〕 Pacification and reconciliation would have been a huge task.〔 Acts of violence and reprisals spiralled.〔Preston (2006). p. 85.〕 In April, parliament replaced Zamora with Azaña as president.〔Payne (1973). p. 642.〕 However, Azaña was increasingly isolated from everyday politics; his replacement, Casares Quiroga, was weak. This was a watershed event which inspired conservatives to give up on parliamentary politics.〔Preston (1999). pp. 17–23.〕 CEDA turned its campaign chest over to army plotter Emilio Mola. Monarchist José Calvo Sotelo replaced CEDA's Gil-Robles as the right's leading spokesman in Parliament.〔〔Thomas (1961). p. 100.〕 Prieto did his best to avoid revolution, promoting a series of public works and civil order reforms, including parts of the military and civil guard.〔Preston (2006). p. 90.〕 Communists quickly took over the ranks of socialist organisations, scaring the middle classes.〔Preston (2006). pp. 90–91.〕 Several generals decided that the government had to be replaced if the dissolution of Spain was to be prevented. They held a contempt for professional politicians.〔Preston (2006). p. 93.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Spanish coup of July 1936」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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